📚 Competitive Exam Preparation 2025
Public Sector Bank Reforms
4R Strategy · EASE Agenda · PSB Mergers
Complete study guide covering all PSB reform topics asked in UPSC, IBPS PO/Clerk, RBI Grade B, SSC, and other competitive exams — with MCQs and quick revision notes.
UPSC Prelims & Mains
IBPS PO / Clerk
RBI Grade B
SSC CGL
SBI PO
State PSC
NABARD
📋 Table of Contents
1
BackgroundWhy Were PSB Reforms Needed?
🏦 What Are Public Sector Banks (PSBs)?
Banks where the Government of India holds more than 50% stake. They were nationalised in two phases — 1969 (14 banks, under Indira Gandhi) and 1980 (6 more banks) — to extend banking to rural areas, farmers, and the poor.
| Nationalisation | Year | No. of Banks | PM at the Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Phase | 1969 | 14 banks | Indira Gandhi |
| Second Phase | 1980 | 6 banks | Indira Gandhi |
⚠️ Problems That Made Reforms Necessary
- Rapidly rising NPAs (Non-Performing Assets / bad loans) — banks were hiding bad loans
- Low profitability — many PSBs were reporting losses
- Political interference in lending decisions
- Outdated technology and poor customer service
- Weak governance — lack of board-level accountability
- High fiscal burden on government for recapitalisation
- Poor credit discipline — willful defaulters going unpunished
2
Very Frequently AskedKey Banking Reform Committees
| Committee | Year | Key Recommendations | Exam Importance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narasimham Committee I | 1991 |
• Reduce SLR & CRR requirements • Classify loans: Standard / Sub-standard / Doubtful / Loss • Allow private & foreign banks • Set up DRTs (Debt Recovery Tribunals) • Strengthen RBI’s supervisory role |
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Narasimham Committee II | 1998 |
• Merge strong banks → create globally competitive banks • Narrow Banking for weak banks • Professional bank boards • Strengthen capital adequacy (CAR) |
⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| P.J. Nayak Committee | 2014 |
• Reduce Govt. stake to below 50% • Create Bank Investment Company (BIC) • Set up Bank Boards Bureau (BBB) • Empower bank boards; reduce RBI dual role |
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Khan Committee | 1997 | Development Financial Institutions (DFIs) should convert to universal banks | ⭐⭐ |
| Raghuram Rajan Committee | 2009 | Financial Sector Reforms — financial inclusion, priority sector lending improvements | ⭐⭐⭐ |
⚡ Must Remember
- Narrow Banking (Narasimham II) = Weak banks should invest only in safe, low-risk assets like government securities — avoid risky lending.
- DRT (Debt Recovery Tribunal) = Quasi-judicial body set up in 1993 to speed up recovery of bad loans above ₹20 lakh.
- BBB (Bank Boards Bureau) = Autonomous body to recommend appointments of MDs & CEOs of PSBs. Set up in 2016 based on PJ Nayak recommendations.
- BIC (Bank Investment Company) = Proposed holding company to hold government’s equity in PSBs at arm’s length from political interference.
3
Most Asked — 7 PointsIndradhanush Plan (2015)
🌈 What Is Indradhanush?
Launched by the Government of India in August 2015, the Indradhanush Plan was a 7-point comprehensive reform package for Public Sector Banks. The name “Indradhanush” (rainbow) reflects the seven colours — seven reforms to revive PSBs.
A
Appointments
Separating the CMD role; professional leadership selection
B
Bank Boards Bureau
Autonomous body for top-level appointments & governance
C
Capitalisation
₹70,000 crore capital infusion into PSBs over 4 years
D
De-stressing
Reduce NPAs; resolve stressed assets; address infrastructure stress
E
Empowerment
Banks empowered to take commercial decisions without political pressure
F
Framework of Accountability
KPIs for performance; incentive-linked performance evaluation
G
Governance Reforms
Board-level governance; separation of ownership from management
🎯 Exam Tip — Indradhanush
- Mnemonic: A-B-C-D-E-F-G = 7 elements of Indradhanush
- Launched by: Government of India, August 2015 — Finance Ministry
- CMD post separation: The role of Chairman & Managing Director was split — Chairman for board governance, MD & CEO for executive management
- Capital infusion of ₹70,000 crore announced under ‘C’ (Capitalisation)
4
Most Important — Exam FavouriteThe 4R Strategy (2015–2019)
📌 What Is the 4R Strategy?
The 4R Strategy was a structured government approach (2015–2019) to fix the NPA crisis in Public Sector Banks. It had four sequential steps that worked together to clean bank balance sheets, recover money, and restore financial health.
R1
Recognition
Honest identification of all NPAs. RBI’s Asset Quality Review (AQR) forced banks to stop hiding bad loans (“evergreening”).
NPA ratio rose on paper — but books became clean & honest
R2
Resolution
Recover money from defaulters through IBC 2016, SARFAESI Act, one-time settlements, and asset sales.
₹2.87 lakh crore recovered (2015–2019)
R3
Recapitalisation
Government infused fresh capital to strengthen banks’ balance sheets and meet capital adequacy norms.
₹3.14 lakh crore infused by Govt.
R4
Reforms
Governance overhaul, crackdown on shell companies, Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, better risk management.
Reduced frauds; improved discipline
| R | Full Term | What Was Done | Key Law/Tool | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | Recognition | AQR by RBI; banks forced to classify all stressed loans as NPAs honestly; stopped evergreening | RBI’s Asset Quality Review (2015) | Gross NPAs rose from ~5% to ~12% on paper — but true picture emerged |
| R2 | Resolution | IBC, SARFAESI, DRTs, ARCs used to recover money from defaulters; Insolvency proceedings against big defaulters | IBC 2016, SARFAESI Act | ₹2.87 lakh crore recovered 2015–2019 |
| R3 | Recapitalisation | Govt. infused capital through budgetary allocation + Recap Bonds (off-budget route) | Recap Bond mechanism | ₹3.14 lakh crore infused; banks able to lend again |
| R4 | Reforms | Fugitive Economic Offenders Act; shell company crackdown; fraud detection systems; PSB mergers | FEO Act 2018 | Frauds reduced; accountability improved |
⚡ Key Facts for Exam
- Evergreening = Practice of giving new loans to pay off old ones to avoid NPA classification — stopped under Recognition phase.
- Recap Bonds = Government issued bonds to banks; banks purchased them; government used that money to invest back as capital in banks. No actual cash moved — creative accounting.
- AQR (Asset Quality Review) = RBI exercise (2015–16) to force honest NPA recognition across all banks.
- Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 = Allows confiscation of assets of economic offenders (like Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi) who flee India.
5
Launched 2018 — All Versions ImportantEASE Agenda
📖 What Is EASE?
EASE = Enhanced Access and Service Excellence
A reform agenda launched in January 2018, jointly by the Government of India and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA). EASE aims to make PSBs more efficient, transparent, customer-friendly, and technology-driven. Each year brings a new version with fresh targets.
| EASE Version | Year | Theme / Focus | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| EASE 1.0 | 2018–19 | Clean & Responsible Banking | Digital payments, NPA governance, transparent credit |
| EASE 2.0 | 2019–20 | Smart & Customer-First Banking | Retail & MSME digital lending, data-driven decisions, better HR |
| EASE 3.0 | 2020–21 | Tech-Enabled & COVID-Responsive | Doorstep Banking, 24×7 digital, zero-contact banking, AI risk |
| EASE 4.0 | 2021–22 | Next-Gen, Collaborative Banking | Analytics lending, seamless digital journeys, cybersecurity upgrades |
| EASE 5.0 | 2022–23 | Personalised & Relationship Banking | Personalised products, fintech partnerships, faster MSME loans |
| EASE 6.0 | 2023–24 | AI-Powered Banking | AI chatbots, predictive analytics, real-time fraud detection, paperless |
| EASE 7.0 | 2024–25 | Deep Digital & Resilient Banking | End-to-end digital processes, cyber risk systems, real-time monitoring, digital KYC NEW |
✅ 6 Pillars of EASE (Core Themes Across All Versions)
- Customer Responsiveness — Faster service, grievance redressal, 59-minute loan approvals, UPI, e-KYC
- Responsible Banking — Ethical lending, accurate NPA reporting, governance compliance
- Credit to MSMEs — Udyami Mitra portal, PM Vishwakarma scheme, collateral-free loans
- Financial Inclusion — Jan Dhan Yojana, rural branch coverage, BC agents
- Digital Banking & IT — Mobile banking, local language ATMs, AI-powered services
- Governance & HR — EASE Index scoring, performance-linked appraisals, staff training
🎯 EASE — Key Exam Facts
- Full form: Enhanced Access and Service Excellence
- Launched: January 2018
- Implementing Bodies: Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) + Government of India
- Doorstep Banking was introduced under EASE 3.0 (2020–21)
- EASE Index = Annual scorecard ranking PSBs on reform implementation
- DBT transfers enabled through EASE: ₹6.28 lakh crore+
- Loan approval turnaround reduced by 25% under EASE reforms
- 59-minute loan portal (psbloansin59minutes.com) — MSME loans under 1 hour in-principle approval
6
Post-Merger — Current StatusThe 12 Public Sector Banks (PSBs)
📌 PSB Count
- Before mergers (pre-2017): 27 PSBs
- After all mergers (effective April 2020): 12 PSBs
- SBI (State Bank of India) is the largest PSB and largest bank in India
State Bank of India
Punjab National Bank
Bank of Baroda
Canara Bank
Union Bank of India
Indian Bank
Bank of India
Central Bank of India
Indian Overseas Bank
UCO Bank
Bank of Maharashtra
Punjab & Sind Bank
7
Frequently Asked in Banking ExamsPSB Mergers (2017–2020)
| Anchor Bank (Surviving) | Banks Merged Into It | Effective Date | Exam Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| State Bank of India | SBI + 5 Associate Banks (SB of Bikaner & Jaipur, SB of Hyderabad, SB of Mysore, SB of Patiala, SB of Travancore) + Bharatiya Mahila Bank | April 1, 2017 | Largest PSB merger; first of this wave |
| Bank of Baroda | Vijaya Bank + Dena Bank → Bank of Baroda | April 1, 2019 | First 3-way merger of PSBs in India |
| Punjab National Bank | PNB + Oriental Bank of Commerce (OBC) + United Bank of India | April 1, 2020 | PNB became 2nd largest PSB |
| Canara Bank | Canara Bank + Syndicate Bank | April 1, 2020 | 4th largest PSB after merger |
| Union Bank of India | Union Bank + Andhra Bank + Corporation Bank | April 1, 2020 | 5th largest PSB |
| Indian Bank | Indian Bank + Allahabad Bank | April 1, 2020 | 7th largest PSB |
🎯 Key Merger Facts for Exam
- First 3-way PSB merger in India = Vijaya + Dena → Bank of Baroda (2019)
- SBI absorbed 5 associate banks + Bharatiya Mahila Bank in 2017
- 4 mega mergers effective April 1, 2020 simultaneously (PNB, Canara, Union, Indian Bank)
- After mergers: PSBs reduced from 27 to 12
- Objective: Create fewer but larger, globally competitive banks
- Anchor bank = the surviving bank into which others are merged
8
Core Banking ConceptNPA — Definition & Types
📉 What Is an NPA?
A Non-Performing Asset (NPA) is a loan or advance where the borrower has not paid interest or principal for 90 days or more. Once classified as NPA, the bank must set aside money (provision) against it, reducing profits.
| NPA Classification | Definition | Duration |
|---|---|---|
| Sub-Standard Asset | NPA for less than 12 months | Up to 12 months |
| Doubtful Asset | NPA for more than 12 months | 12+ months |
| Loss Asset | Bank/auditor identifies it as uncollectable | Write-off stage |
| Standard Asset | Performing loan; no NPA | Healthy loan |
📌 NPA Key Terms
- Gross NPA = Total bad loans before deducting provisions
- Net NPA = Gross NPA minus provisions set aside by bank
- Provisioning = Money banks set aside to cover bad loans — reduces profits
- Wilful Defaulter = Borrower who can repay but deliberately doesn’t
- Stressed Asset = Broader term including NPAs + restructured loans + written-off accounts
- ARC (Asset Reconstruction Company) = Buys bad loans from banks at discount to recover them
9
Key Law for NPA ResolutionIBC 2016 & Other Recovery Laws
| Law / Mechanism | Year | Purpose | Key Body |
|---|---|---|---|
| IBC — Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code | 2016 | Time-bound (180+90 days) resolution of insolvency. Banks can drag defaulters to NCLT. | NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal) |
| SARFAESI Act | 2002 | Banks can seize and sell collateral assets of defaulters without court intervention. | Banks directly |
| DRT — Debt Recovery Tribunal | 1993 | Quasi-judicial body for recovering bad loans above ₹20 lakh faster than civil courts. | DRT / DRAT |
| Fugitive Economic Offenders Act | 2018 | Allows confiscating Indian assets of those who flee India to escape economic offences above ₹100 crore. | Special Court |
| ARC (Asset Reconstruction Company) | SARFAESI 2002 | Buys NPAs from banks at discounted price; recovers over time. Biggest: NARCL (National ARC Ltd.). | RBI regulated |
| NARCL — National ARC Ltd. | 2021 | “Bad Bank” — Govt.-backed ARC to absorb large stressed assets (₹500 crore+) from PSBs. | Majority Govt. owned |
✅ IBC 2016 — Important Points
- Replaces old fragmented insolvency laws with a single unified code
- Time limit: 180 days (extendable by 90 days) for resolution plan
- Adjudicating Authority: NCLT for companies; DRT for individuals/firms
- Introduced concept of Insolvency Resolution Professional (IRP)
- Regulator: IBBI (Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India)
- IBC is the most powerful tool under R2 (Resolution) of the 4R Strategy
10
Tap Any Option to Reveal AnswerMCQ Practice Set — PSB Reforms
The ‘4R Strategy’ for PSB reforms stands for which four terms?
✔ Correct: B
The 4R Strategy = Recognition (identify NPAs honestly), Resolution (recover money via IBC/SARFAESI), Recapitalisation (govt. capital infusion of ₹3.14 lakh crore), and Reforms (governance overhaul, FEO Act). This is one of the most frequently asked topics in banking exams.
EASE stands for — in the context of PSB reforms?
✔ Correct: C
EASE = Enhanced Access and Service Excellence. Launched in January 2018 jointly by the Government of India and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA). It is a reform agenda to make PSBs efficient, customer-friendly, and tech-driven.
The Indradhanush Plan for PSBs was launched in which year?
✔ Correct: C — 2015
The Indradhanush Plan was launched in August 2015 by the Government of India. It was a 7-point reform package (A to G) aimed at reviving PSBs. Remember: Indradhanush = rainbow = 7 elements = A-B-C-D-E-F-G.
Which was the FIRST 3-way merger of Public Sector Banks in India?
✔ Correct: B
The merger of Vijaya Bank and Dena Bank into Bank of Baroda (effective April 1, 2019) was the first 3-way merger of Public Sector Banks in India. This landmark merger paved the way for the 4 simultaneous mega-mergers in 2020.
After consolidation, how many Public Sector Banks are currently operating in India (as of 2024)?
✔ Correct: C — 12
Before mergers, India had 27 PSBs. After the consolidation wave (SBI merger 2017, BoB merger 2019, and 4 mega-mergers in April 2020), the number reduced to 12 PSBs. The objective was to create larger, stronger, globally competitive banks.
The P.J. Nayak Committee (2014) recommended creating which body to hold government’s equity stake in PSBs?
✔ Correct: B — Bank Investment Company (BIC)
The P.J. Nayak Committee recommended creating a Bank Investment Company (BIC) — a holding company to hold the government’s equity stake in PSBs at arm’s length, reducing political interference. It also recommended the BBB (Bank Boards Bureau) for appointment of top management.
“Doorstep Banking” for senior citizens and differently-abled customers was introduced under which EASE version?
✔ Correct: C — EASE 3.0
EASE 3.0 (2020–21) introduced Doorstep Banking — a service where banking agents visit customers at their homes. This was especially useful during COVID-19 and for senior citizens and differently-abled persons.
A loan is classified as NPA when repayment is overdue for how many days?
✔ Correct: B — 90 days
A loan becomes an NPA (Non-Performing Asset) when interest or principal has not been paid for 90 days or more. For agricultural loans, the period is linked to crop seasons. Once classified as NPA, the bank must make provisions reducing its profits.
Which law allows banks to seize and sell collateral assets of defaulters WITHOUT going to court?
✔ Correct: B — SARFAESI Act, 2002
The SARFAESI Act (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act), 2002 empowers banks to seize mortgaged assets and sell them to recover dues — without requiring court intervention. This is a key NPA recovery tool under the 4R Strategy’s Resolution phase.
The Narasimham Committee I (1991) recommended setting up which bodies for faster loan recovery?
✔ Correct: B — Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs)
The Narasimham Committee I (1991) recommended setting up Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) for faster recovery of bad loans above ₹20 lakh. DRTs are quasi-judicial bodies that operate faster than civil courts. The DRT Act was enacted in 1993.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) 2016 prescribes a time limit of ___ days for completing corporate insolvency resolution?
✔ Correct: B — 180 days (extendable by 90)
The IBC, 2016 mandates that the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) must be completed within 180 days, extendable by another 90 days (total 270 days) by the NCLT. The regulator is IBBI (Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India).
The EASE Agenda for PSBs is implemented jointly by the Government of India and which organization?
✔ Correct: C — Indian Banks’ Association (IBA)
The EASE Agenda is implemented jointly by the Government of India (Finance Ministry) and the Indian Banks’ Association (IBA). IBA is an association of all scheduled banks in India. An annual EASE Index is published to rank PSBs on their reform performance.
India’s “Bad Bank” — NARCL (National Asset Reconstruction Company Limited) — was set up in which year?
✔ Correct: C — 2021
NARCL (National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd.) — India’s government-backed “Bad Bank” — was set up in 2021 as announced in Budget 2021-22. It acquires stressed assets (NPAs above ₹500 crore) from PSBs. Majority ownership: PSBs. India Debt Resolution Company (IDRCL) is its partner for resolution.
14 major commercial banks were nationalised in which year in India?
✔ Correct: C — 1969
14 major commercial banks were nationalised in 1969 under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Another 6 banks were nationalised in 1980. The goal was to extend banking services to agriculture, small industry, and the rural poor. SBI was nationalised earlier in 1955.
Under the 4R Strategy, which tool was the MOST important for NPA ‘Resolution’ by banks?
✔ Correct: C — Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) 2016
The IBC 2016 was the most significant tool under the Resolution (R2) phase of the 4R Strategy. It enabled banks to take large defaulters to NCLT and force time-bound resolution. It helped recover ₹2.87 lakh crore during 2015–2019. The FEO Act (2018) was under Reforms (R4).
11
High-Probability 2025 Exam QuestionsExpected Q&A — Quick Reference
| Question | Answer | Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| EASE full form? | Enhanced Access and Service Excellence | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| EASE launched in? | January 2018 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| EASE implemented by? | Govt. of India + IBA (Indian Banks’ Association) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 4R Strategy components? | Recognition, Resolution, Recapitalisation, Reforms | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Indradhanush Plan launched? | August 2015 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Indradhanush = how many reforms? | 7 (A to G) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Total PSBs after mergers? | 12 (as of 2020) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| PSBs before mergers? | 27 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| First 3-way PSB merger in India? | Vijaya + Dena → Bank of Baroda (April 2019) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Banks nationalised in 1969? | 14 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Banks nationalised in 1980? | 6 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| NPA classification threshold? | 90 days overdue | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Govt. capital infused under 4R? | ₹3.14 lakh crore | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| NPA recovered under 4R? | ₹2.87 lakh crore | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| SARFAESI Act year? | 2002 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| IBC year? | 2016 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| IBBI full form? | Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| IBC adjudicating authority (companies)? | NCLT (National Company Law Tribunal) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Doorstep Banking introduced under? | EASE 3.0 (2020–21) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| India’s Bad Bank name? | NARCL — National Asset Reconstruction Company Ltd. (2021) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Narrow Banking concept from? | Narasimham Committee II (1998) | ⭐⭐⭐ |
| BBB full form? | Bank Boards Bureau | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Fugitive Economic Offenders Act year? | 2018 | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| Largest PSB in India? | State Bank of India (SBI) | ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ |
| 59-minute loan portal? | psbloansin59minutes.com (for MSMEs) | ⭐⭐⭐ |
12
Last-Minute RevisionQuick Revision Flash Cards
🏦 PSB Nationalisation
- 1955 → SBI nationalised
- 1969 → 14 banks (Indira Gandhi)
- 1980 → 6 more banks
- Govt. stake > 50% = PSB
🌈 Indradhanush (2015)
- Appointments
- Bank Boards Bureau
- Capitalisation (₹70,000 cr)
- De-stressing NPAs
- Empowerment
- Framework of Accountability
- Governance Reforms
4️⃣ 4R Strategy
- R1: Recognition (AQR by RBI)
- R2: Resolution (IBC, SARFAESI)
- R3: Recapitalisation (₹3.14L cr)
- R4: Reforms (FEO Act, BBB)
- Recovery: ₹2.87 lakh crore
📘 EASE Versions
- 1.0 (2018): Clean banking
- 2.0 (2019): Customer-first
- 3.0 (2020): Doorstep + COVID
- 4.0 (2021): Analytics + cyber
- 5.0 (2022): Personalised
- 6.0 (2023): AI banking
- 7.0 (2024): Deep digital
🔄 Key Mergers
- 2017: SBI + 5 associates + BMB
- 2019: Vijaya + Dena → BoB (1st 3-way)
- 2020: PNB + OBC + United Bank
- 2020: Canara + Syndicate
- 2020: Union + Andhra + Corp
- 2020: Indian + Allahabad
📉 NPA Concepts
- NPA = 90 days overdue
- Sub-standard: up to 12 months
- Doubtful: 12+ months
- Loss: write-off stage
- Gross NPA vs Net NPA
- Evergreening = hiding bad loans
⚖️ Key Laws
- SARFAESI: 2002 (seize assets)
- DRT Act: 1993 (debt recovery)
- IBC: 2016 (insolvency; 180 days)
- FEO Act: 2018 (fugitives)
- IBBI: regulates IBC
🏛️ Key Committees
- Narasimham I (1991): DRTs, NPA
- Narasimham II (1998): Narrow Banking
- PJ Nayak (2014): BIC, BBB, <50% govt
- Rajan (2009): Financial inclusion
🏦 12 Current PSBs
SBI · PNB · BoB · Canara · Union · Indian · BoI · Central · IOB · UCO · BoM · Punjab & Sind
📊 Key Numbers
- PSBs: 27 → 12 (after mergers)
- Recapitalisation: ₹3.14 lakh cr
- NPA recovery: ₹2.87 lakh cr
- IBC limit: 180+90 days
- DBT via EASE: ₹6.28 lakh cr
- Loan time cut: 25% faster
🆕 Important Concepts
- Recap Bonds = creative capital infusion
- NARCL = India’s Bad Bank (2021)
- EASE Index = annual PSB scorecard
- ARC = buys NPAs at discount
- BIC = proposed PSB holding co.
🎯 Examiner Favourites
- EASE = Enhanced Access & Service Excellence
- Doorstep Banking → EASE 3.0
- 1st 3-way merger → Bank of Baroda
- IBC adjudicator → NCLT
- Nodal body → IBA + Govt.
📌 Most Important Full Forms
EASE
NPA
IBC
SARFAESI
IBBI
BBB
BIC
IBA
NARCL
FEO Act
AQR
DRT
NCLT
ARC
NABARD